- 2024
- Yu, G.H., Kim, J.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Direct numerical simulation of the ignition of temporally evolving twin n-heptane jet in an iso-octane/air stream under RCCI combustion-relevant conditions”, in preparation, 2024.
- Yu, G.H., Kim, J.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Ignition characteristics of a temporally evolving water jet in an n-heptane/O2/CO2 stream under oxy-fuel HCCI-relevant combustion conditions: A DNS study”, in preparation, 2024.
- Oh, S.Y., Jung, K.S., Yoo, C.S., “A numerical study of the ignition characteristics of nonpremixed methane/hydrogen versus air in a rolled-up vortex”, in preparation, 2024.
- Lee, J.M., Hou, Y., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “An LES study of the ignition characteristics of n-dodecane spray in single-fuel and dual-fuel combustion conditions”, in preparation, 2024.
- Kang, S.J.., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S, “Effect of buoyancy by fuel on flickering mode transition in jet diffusion flames”, submitted, 2024.
- Kim, D.J., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S, “Flame dynamics of nonpremixed coflow DME jets in momentum-driven and buoyancy-momentum-driven regimes”, submitted, 2024.
- Kim, S.H., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Burning characteristics of ethanol droplet suspended on NiCr wire with applied AC electric field”, submitted, 2024.
- Nguyen, D.N., Yoo, C.S., “3sSLFMFoam: A package for simulations of turbulent non-premixed flames using three-feed stream steady laminar flamelet model in OpenFOAM”, submitted, 2024.
- Lee, J.M., Lee, H., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “An LES study of combustion and NOx emission characteristics of turbulent premixed flames of CH4/NH3/air in a two-stage swirl combustor”, submitted, 2024.
- Kim, S.H., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Dynamic behaviors of burning droplet suspended on NiCr-wire with applied AC electric field”, in revision, 2024.
- Nguyen, D.N., Yoo, C.S., “An OpenFOAM-based solver for modeling low Mach number turbulent flows at high pressure with real-fluid effects”, in revision, 2024.
- Li, H., Lv, J. Zhang, X., Lee, J.M., Yoo, C.S., Chung, S.H., Hu, L., Volumetric heat release, fuel-air mixing and turbulent dissipation of vertically-downward turbulent nonpremixed jet flames under sub-atmospheric pressures”, in revision, 2024.
- Kim, D.J., Oh, S.Y., Yoo, C.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., “Non-monotonic liftoff height behaviors in laminar nonpremixed coflow jet flames of DME with ambient temperature variation”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 40, 105210, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105210.
- Kim, J., Lee, H., Lee, J.M., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Effects of the secondary air on the combustion characteristics of turbulent premixed CH4/NH3/air flames in a two-stage swirl combustor”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 40, 105298, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105298.
- Lee, H., Lee, J.M., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Flame characteristics and NO emission behaviors of methane/ammonia counterflow premixed flames with opposed N2 or air stream”, Fuel 370, 131851, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131851.
- Kim, G.T., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Synergistic effect of non-thermal plasma and CH4 addition on turbulent NH3/air premixed flames in a swirl combustor”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 49, 521-532, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.213.
- 2023
- Velidi, G., Yoo, C.S., “A review on flame stabilization technologies for UAV micro-meso scale combustors: Progress and challenges”, Energies 16, 3968, 2023, https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3968.
- Kim, G.T., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Effects of water vapor addition on downstream interaction in CO/O2 flames”, Fuel 342, 127888, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127888.
- 2022
- Kim, G.T., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Effects of non-thermal plasma on turbulent premixed flames of ammonia/air in a swirl combustor”, Fuel 323, 124227, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124227.
- Kang, M.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Effect of the thickness of polyethylene insulation on flame spread over electrical wire with Cu-core under AC electric fields”, Combust. Flame 240, 112017, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112017.
- Nguyen, D.N., Jung, K.S., Shim, J.W., Yoo, C.S., “Real-fluid thermophysicalModels library: An OpenFOAM-based library for reacting flow simulations at high pressure”, Comput. Phys. Commun. 273, 108264, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108264.
- Jung, K.S., Kwon, S.H., Chung, S.H., Park, J., Yoo, C.S., “Flame edge dynamics in counterflow nonpremixed flames of CH4/He versus air at low strain rates: An experimental and numerical study”, Combust. Flame 235, 111718, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111718.
- 2021
- Kim, J.H., Yu, G.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “A DNS study of ignition characteristics of a lean PRF/air mixture with CH2O and H2O2 addition under HCCI conditions”, Combust. Flame, 234, 111654, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111654.
- Jung, K.S., Kim, S.O., Lu, T., Chen, J.H., Yoo, C.S., “On the stabilization mechanisms of turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flames in heated coflows near the auto-ignition limit: A comparative DNS study”, Combust. Flame 233, 111584, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111584.
- Jung, K.S., Bak, H.S., Nguyen, D.N., Lee, B.J., Yoo, C.S., “NOx emission characteristics of CH4 versus O2/CO2 counterflow non-premixed flames at various pressures up to 300 atm”, Fuel 299, 120411, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120411.
- Shin, K.-Y., Kang, M., Kim, M.-K., Kang, K. Jung, K.S., Yoo, C.S., Lee, S.-H., “Large area organic thin film coating using a micro multi-nozzle jet head with side suction channels”, Int. J. Pr. Eng. Man-GT. 8, 829–840, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00334-7.
- Kang, M.S., Park, S.H., Yoo, C.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., “Effects of metal core on flame spread over electrical wire with applied AC electric fields”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 38, 4747-4756, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.060.
- Oh, S.,Van, K.H., Jung, K.S., Yoo, C.S., Cha, M.S., Chung, S.H., Park, J., “On the characteristics of oscillating lifted flames in nonpremixed laminar coflow jets: An experimental and numerical study”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 38, 2049-2056, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.355.
- Van, K.H., Oh, S., Yoo, C.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., “Effects of Schmidt number on non-monotonic liftoff height behavior in coflow-jet flames with diluted methane and ethylene”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 38, 1913-1921, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.344.
- Jung, K.S., Kim, S.O., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “On the flame structure and stabilization characteristics of autoignited laminar lifted n-heptane jet flames in heated coflow air”, Combust. Flame 223, 307 -319, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.10.008.
- 2020
- Oh, S., Van, K.H., Yoo, C.S., Chung, S.H., Park, J., “Effects of diluents on the lifted flame characteristics in laminar nonpremixed coflow propane jets”, Combust. Flame 222, 145-151, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.08.044.
- Chang, S.H., Bak, H.S., Yu, H., Yoo, C.S., “A numerical study of combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a model gas turbine combustor”, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 34 (4), 1795-1803, 2020, http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0341-y.
- Kim, H.J., Van, K., Lee, D.K., Yoo, C.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., “Laminar flame speed, Markstein length, and cellular instability for spherically propagating methane/ethylene–air premixed flames”, Combust. Flame 214, 464-474, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.01.011.
- Seo, H.W., Jung, N., Yoo, C.S., “Oscillation dynamics of colloidal particles caused by surfactant in an evaporating droplet”, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 34 (2), 801-807, 2020, http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0128-1.
- Kim, G.T., Yoo, C.S., Chung, S.H., Park, J., “Effects of non-thermal plasma on the lean blowout limits and CO/NOx emissions in swirl-stabilized turbulent lean-premixed flames of methane/air”, Combust. Flame 212, 403-414, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.024.
- 2019
- Jung, K.S., Jung, B.R., Kang, S. H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “A numerical study of pyrolysis effects on autoignited laminar lifted dimethyl ether jet flames in heated coflow air”, Combust. Flame 209, 225-238, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.042.
- Yu, G.H., Luong, M.B., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Ignition characteristics of a temporally evolving n-heptane jet in an iso-octane/air stream under RCCI combustion-relevant conditions”, Combust. Flame 208, 299-312, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.011.
- Xu, C., Park, J., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Lu, T., “Identification of premixed flame propagation modes using chemical explosive mode analysis”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 37, 2407-2415, 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.069.
- Van, K., Jung, K.S., Yoo, C.S., Oh, S., Lee, B.J., Cha, M.S., Park, J., Chung, S.H., “Decreasing Liftoff Height Behavior in Diluted Laminar Lifted Methane Jet Flames”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 37, 2005-2012, 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.031.
- 2018
- Jung, K.S., Kim, S.O., Lu, T., Chung, S.H., Lee, B.J., Yoo, C.S., “Differential diffusion effect on the stabilization characteristics of autoignited laminar lifted methane/hydrogen jet flames in heated coflow air”, Combust. Flame 198, 305-319, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.09.026.
- Bak, H.S. Yoo, C.S., “Flame instabilities and flame cell dynamics in opposed nonpremixed tubular flames with radiative heat loss”, Combust. Flame 194, 322-333, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.05.012.
- 2017
- Jung, N., Seo, H.W., Leo, P., Kim, J., Kim, P., Yoo, C.S., “Surfactant effects on droplet dynamics and deposition patterns: A lattice gas model”, Soft Matter 13, 6529-6541, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7SM01224A.
- Luong, M.B., Sankaran, R., Yu, G.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “On the effect of injection timing on the ignition of lean PRF/air/EGR mixtures under direct dual fuel stratification conditions”, Combust. Flame 183, 309-321, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.05.023.
- Kang, S., Yoo, C.S. “A modification of the narrow band based WSGG regrouping method for computation time reduction in non-gray gas radiation”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 111, 1314-1321, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.04.091.
- Luong, M.B., Yu, G.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Ignition of a lean PRF/air mixture under RCCI/SCCI conditions: A comparative DNS study”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 3623–3631, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.038.
- Luong, M.B., Yu, G.H., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Ignition of a lean PRF/air mixture under RCCI/SCCI conditions: Chemical aspects”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 3587–3596, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.076.
- Salehi, F., Talei, M., Hawkes, E.R., Bhagatwala, A., Chen, J.H., Yoo, C.S., Kook, S., “Doubly conditional moment closure modelling for HCCI with temperature inhomogeneities”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 3677-3685, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.05.021.
- 2015
- Bak, H.S., Lee, S.R., Chen, J.H, Yoo, C.S. “A numerical study of the diffusive-thermal instability of opposed nonpremixed tubular flames”, Combust. Flame 162, 4612-4621, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.019.
- Luong, M.B., Yu, G.H., Lu, T., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Direct numerical simulations of ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture with temperature and composition inhomogeneities relavant to HCCI and SCCI combustion”, Combust. Flame 162, 4566-4585, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.015.
- Jung, N., Seo, H.W., Yoo, C.S., “Two-dimensional characteristic boundary conditions for open boundaries in the lattice Boltzmann methods”, J. Comput. Phys. 302, 191-199, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.08.044.
- Sankaran, R., Hawkes, E.R., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., “Response of flame thickness and propagation speed under intense turbulence in spatially developing and stationary lean premixed methane-air jet flames”, Combust. Flame 162, 3294-3306, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.05.019.
- Salehi, F., Talei, M., Hawkes, E.R., Yoo, C.S., Lucchini, T., D’Errico, G., Kook, S., “A comparative study of conditional moment closure modelling for ignition of iso-octane and n-heptane in thermally stratified mixtures”, Flow Turbul. Combust. 95, 1-28, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-015-9604-6.
- Lee, B.J., Yoo, C.S., Im, H.G., “Dynamics of bluff-body-stabilized premixed hydrogen/air flames in a narrow channel”, Combust. Flame 162, 2602-2609, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.03.009.
- Kim, S.O., Luong, M.B., Chen, J.H., Yoo, C.S. “A DNS Study of Ignition of Lean PRF/Air Mixtures with Temperature Inhomogeneities under High Pressure and Intermediate Temperature”, Combust. Flame 162, 717–726, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.09.001.
- Xin, Y.X., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Law, C.K., “A DNS Study of Self-Accelerating Cylindrical Hydrogen-Air Flame with Detailed Chemistry”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 35, 753-760, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.076.
- Salehi, F., Talei, M., Hawkes, E.R., Yoo, C.S., Lucchini, T., D’Errico, G., Kook, S., “Conditional Moment Closure Modelling for HCCI with Temperature Inhomogeneities”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 35, 3087-3095, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.035.
- 2014
- Luong, M. B., Lu, T., Chung, S.H., Yoo, C.S., “Direct Numerical Simulations of Ignition of a Lean Biodiesel/Air Mixture with Temperature and Composition Inhomogeneities”, Combust. Flame 161, 2878-2889, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.05.004.
- Jung, N., Yoo, C.S., Leo, P. H., “Instability Deposit Patterns in an Evaporating Droplet”, J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 2535−2543, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp4111844.
- 2013
- Luong, M.B., Luo, Z., Lu, T., Chung, S. H., Yoo, C.S., “Direct Numerical Simulations of Ignition of Lean Primary Reference Fuel/Air Mixtures with Temperature Inhomogeneities”, Combust. Flame 160, 2038-2047, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.04.012.
- Yoo, C.S., Luo, Z., Lu, T., Kim, H., Chen, J.H., “A DNS Study of Ignition Characteristics of a Lean iso-Octane/Air Mixture under HCCI and SACI Conditions”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 34, 2985-2993, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.019.
- 2012
- Shan, R., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Lu, T., “Computational Diagnostics for n-Heptane Flames with Chemical Explosive Mode Analysis”, Combust. Flame 159, 3119-3127, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.05.012.
- Luo, Z., Yoo, C.S., Richardson, E.S., Chen, J.H., Law, C.K., and Lu, T., “Chemical Explosive Mode Analysis for a Turbulent Lifted Ethylene Jet Flame in Highly-Heated Coflow”, Combust. Flame 159, 265-274, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.023.
- 2011
- Yoo, C.S., Lu, T., Chen, J.H., Law, C. K., “Direct Numerical Simulations of Ignition of a Lean n-Heptane/Air Mixture with Temperature Inhomogeneities at Constant Volume: Parametric Study”, Combust. Flame 158, 1727-1741, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.025.
- Yoo, C.S., Sankaran, R., Richardson, E.S., Chen, J.H., “A DNS Study of a Turbulent Lifted Ethylene Jet Flame in Highly-Heated Coflow”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 33, 1619-1627, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.147.
- Grout, R.W., Gruber, A., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., “Direct Numerical Simulation of Flame Stabilization Downstream of a Transverse Fuel Jet in Cross Flow”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 33, 1629-1637, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.013.
- 2010
- Lu, T., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Law, C.K., “Three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of a Turbulent Lifted Hydrogen Jet Flame in Heated Coflow. An Explosive Mode Analysis”, J. Fluid Mech. 652, 45-64, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002211201000039X.
- Lee, U.D., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Frank, J.H., “Effect of NO on Extinction and Re-ignition of Vortex-Perturbed Hydrogen Flames”, Combust. Flame 157, 217-229, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.10.014.
- 2009
- Yoo, C.S., Sankaran, R., Chen, J.H.* “Three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of a Turbulent Lifted Hydrogen Jet Flame in Heated Coflow: Flame Stabilization and Structure”, J. Fluid Mech. 640, 453-481, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112009991388.
- Lu, T., Law, C.K., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., “Dynamics Stiffness Removal for Direct Numerical Simulations”, Combust. Flame 156, 1542-1551, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.02.013.
- Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Frank, J.H., “A Numerical Study of Transient Ignition and Flame Characteristics of Diluted Hydrogen versus Heated Air in Counterflow”, Combust. Flame 156, 140-151, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.07.012.
- Lee, U.D., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., Frank, J.H., “Effect of H2O and NO on Extinction and Re-ignition of Vortex-Perturbed Hydrogen Flames in Counterflow”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 32, 1059-1066, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.150.
- Richardson, E.S., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., “Analysis of Conditional Moment Closure Applied to Autoignitive Lifted Hydrogen Jet Flame”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 32, 1695-1703, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.041.
- Mascarenhas, A., Grout, R.W., Yoo, C.S., Chen, J.H., “Tracking Flame Base Movement and Interaction with Ignition Kernels Using Topological Methods”, SciDAC 2009: Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing 180, 012086, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/180/1/012086.
- Chen, J.H., Choudhary, A., de Supinski, B., DeVries, M., Hawkes, E. R., Klasky, S., Liao, W. K., Ma, K. L., Mellor-Crummey, J., Podhorski, N., Sankaran, R., Yoo, C.S., “Terascale Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion using S3D”, Comput. Sci. Disc. 2, 015001, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1749-4699/2/1/015001.
- Before 2009
- Chen, J.H., Yoo, C.S., Sankaran, R, Oefelein, J.C., “High-Fidelity Simulations for Clean and Efficient Combustion of Alternative Fuels”, SciDAC 2008: Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing 125, 012028, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/125/1/012028.
- Im, H.G., Trouvé, A., Rutland, C.J, Arias, P.G., Narayanan, P., Srinivasan, S., Yoo, C.S., “Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Counterflow Nonpremixed Flames”, SciDAC 2007: Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing 78, 102029, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/78/1/012029.
- Yoo, C.S., Im, H.G., “Characteristic boundary conditions for simulations of compressible reacting flows with multi-dimensional, viscous, and reaction effects”, Combust. Theory Modelling 11, 259-286, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830600898995.
- Yoo, C.S., Im, H.G., “Transient Soot Dynamics in Turbulent Nonpremixed Ethylene-Air Counterflow Flames”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 31, 701-708, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.090.
- Yoo, C.S., Im, H.G., Wang, Y., Trouvé, A., “Interaction of Turbulence, Chemistry, and Radiation in Strained Nonpremixed Flames”, SciDAC 2005: Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing 16, 91-100, 2005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/16/1/011.
- Yoo, C.S., Wang, Y., Trouvé, A., Im, H.G., “Characteristic boundary conditions for direct numerical simulations of turbulent counterflow flames”, Combust. Theory Modelling 9, 617-646, 2005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830500307378.
- Yoo, C.S., Im, H.G., “Transient Dynamics of Edge Flames in a Laminar Nonpremixed Hydrogen-Air Counterflow”, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 349-356, 2005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.052.
- Yoo, C.S., Lee, S.D., Chung, S.H., “Extinction of Strained Premixed Flames of Hydrogen/Air/Steam Mixture: Local Equilibrium Temperature and Local Equivalence ratio”, Combust. Sci. Tech. 155, 227-245, 2000, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200008947291.